Article of Animal and Plant Breeding Result

1. from Animal Breeding Animal

Breeding is an activity in animal husbandry or maintenance animals that aims to improve the quality of individuals and the population of animals concerned for the characteristics desired by humans. Since most of the livestock, the term breeding animals livestock breeding is also often used.

In animal breeding, a good foundation of knowledge is required regarding maintenance,biology, reproductive,genetics,biostatistics, and, in recent developments,molecular biology and bioinformatics. The classic method used is the crossover and population selection known as selective captivity.

Pioneering the foundations of animal breeding theory wereSewall Wright,Jay Lush, andCharles Henderson. Some of the theories they have developed are also used in several techniques crossover and analysis in the field of plant breeding, especially plants cross-pollinated.

 

Discussion

The application of inheritance in animals and plants allows humans to manipulate genetically so that they can produce the best offspring / seedlings. The purpose of this trait inheritance is to obtain new, superior varieties that can help meet human needs. The good qualities possessed by these plants can be unified in one individual through the stages of the cross-breeding process.

 

Breeding stock

Breeding stock is a group of animals that are used for the purpose of planned breeding to get new breeds. Breeding stock can be in the form of purebred animals or animals that are not pure races, which have desirable traits so that when they are crossed it is assumed that they will be able to combine, or get better characteristics than the previous race.

Backyard breeding

Backyard breeding is animal breeding that is not carried out under the supervision of the authorities so that it is at risk of producing animals with problematic health conditions. So many unregistered animal breeders cross different types of races to get animals with a certain appearance regardless of their health condition. Crosses relying solely on profit can be compared to factory farms that do not meet animal welfare standards.

 Animal

Breeding The breeding of living things is one way to obtain superior seeds. How to obtain superior seeds, among others, by selecting superior seeds and hybridization or crossing to obtain superior characteristics.

Discussion:

Animal breeding can be done by:

• Selection of superior seeds to be used as broodstock.

• Hybridization of superior broodstock in order to obtain seedlings with superior characteristics, which is done by crossing hybridized puppies with other superior broodstock until the desired superior tillers are obtained.

• Artificial insemination can also be done to carry out animal breeding by selecting the desired superior sires.

• Cloning is one way of animal breeding to get superior offspring according to the breed.

The following are examples of superior breeding animals:

1. Broilers from England for example the Cornish breed, this chicken has a short body, but produces a lot of meat. 

2. Broiler chickens from America, for example, the Plymouth Rock type, have grayish gray feathers, a large body,meat delicious, and are able to produce eggs well.

3. Bali cattle are superior cattle with high reproduction, high carcass weight, easy to fatten and easy to adapt to new environments.

4. PO cattle are well known as beef cattle and working cows, have high adaptability to different environmental conditions, have strong energy and reproductive activities of the mother quickly return to normal after calving, the males have good semen quality.

5. Brahman cattle have no problems in calving, eye disease and are resistant to footrot and are resistant to internal parasites (worms) and external parasites (ticks), flatulence (Bloat).

Hybrid Animal or Cross-Mating 

Created by Human

1. Liger (Lion Male + Female Tiger).

Despite the rumors about Ligers, as far as we know, they only exist in captivity. They were bred on purpose. Grow very big, fast, and become the biggest cat in the world. Even the largest cat on Earth, weighing more than 410 kg (904 lb).

2. Tigon (Tiger Male + Lion Female).

Tigon is the result of a cross between a male tiger and a female lion. Tigons are almost the same as ligers, but what distinguishes them is that ligers are the result of cross-breeding between male and female lions. Tigon is included in the Kingdom Animalia (Animals), Phylum Chordata, Classic Mammals (Child), Order Carnivora (Meat-eating), Family Felidae, Genus Panthera (Panther). Its species name is gabunebroids descended from any cross between a zebra and another horse: in effect, a zebra hybrid. In most cases the sire is a zebra stallion.bro, the species name of Tiger and Lion, Panthera Tigris x Panthera Leo.

3. Zonkey (Zebra + Donkey).

Zonkey is the term for a child resulting from a cross between a zebra and a donkey. A zonkey has been born in an animal conservation center in Florence, Italy. This Zonkey has brown hair predominantly on its body, but has black and white stripes on a number of other body parts, especially its legs. You can see the animal trying to climb the fence of its cage, accompanied by its mother, the donkey. Zonkey was born on Saturday (20/7) local time in Florence. Zonkey which is named Ippo is classified as a rare animal in Italy.

4. Jaglion (Jaguar Male + Lion Female).

The Jaglion is a large cat that is the result of the marriage of a male jaguar and a female lion. This cat has a light brown coat color like a lion and 'flower' spots like jaguars. Jaglion himself was well-built, muscular, and not too fat like a lion. In some rare cases, the jaglion has dark colored, even black hair, making it look very scary and manly. One example is the jaglion named Jahzara and Tsunami, the result of the marriage of a jaguar named Diablo and a lioness named Lola. The two of them were born in 2006, and the interesting thing is that the marriage of both of their parents happened naturally after Diablo and Lola were raised together since they were babies.

5. Zebroid (Zebra + Other Equine).

The zebroid (also known as the zebra mule or zebrule) is descended from crossing one zebra with another horse: in short, this is the zebra hybrid. Most of the males are male zebras. The offspring of a male donkey and a female zebra are called the zebra hinny, but rarely. Zebroid animals have been born since the 19th century. The Zebroid in the picture above is called eclyse, is one of the most unusual Zebroids because of its body color. Maybe some think it's the result of trickery in Photoshop, but that is how the eclyse was born. Darwin was the first to mention this animal as a Zebroid. A naughty animal that is difficult to tame, and more aggressive than a horse. 

6. Wholphin (Male Killer Whale + Female Bottlenose Dolphin).

Killer whales actually come from the same family as dolphins. But even so, it is very rare. Only one wholphin is in captivity. A wholphin or wolpin is a very rare cetacean hybrid born from mating a common female dolphin with a male fake killer whale. This name implies a hybrid whale and a dolphin, although taxonomically they belong to the "ocean" family which is in the suborder "toothed whales". Wholphins have been born in captivity and are also reported in the wild.

7. Leopon (Male Leopard + Female Lion).

Leopons are the result of interbreeding between male leopards and female lions. The head looks like a lion while the rest of the body inherits the leopard traits. Leopon was first born in Kolhapur, India 1910.

8. Dzo (Cow + wild Yak).

Dzo is a large bovid created by cross-breeding with a domestic cow in Tibet. Both yaks and dzos are often kept as livestock in present-day Tibet and Mongolia and they are frequently seen in the mountainous meadows of this area. Dzo inherited the best from both parents. These animals are strong, productive (in terms of meat and milk) which do not add to the cost of agriculture. Thanks to the ability to perform a variety of tasks, the popularity and number of dzos in Asia continues to increase. These animals are bigger and stronger than cows or yaks. The meat is the same as beef. However, it is believed that both animal breeds in this region have contaminated genes. 

Breeding in plants

It has been explained that the purpose of plant breeding is to obtain hybrid varieties. A hybrid variety is a type of plant which is the descendant of a cross between two or more types of plants that have different genetic characteristics. This cross is based on the findings made by Mendel about the law of inheritance.

Examples of plants that are hybrid varieties include:

1. Hybrid

• rice This type of rice plant can survive in dry soil conditions, so that the rice produced feels fluffier, more fragrant, and the harvest period is faster when compared to the usual types of rice seeds. .

• The superior hybrid rice seeds include Arize, PPH, Intani, IPB4S varieties and prime rice.

• The main objective in developing rice seeds is as an action to assist the government in saving people from food crisis events.

• The advantages of varieties of rice that have been developed with ordinary rice seeds are as follows: 

1. plants will survive drought.

2. The ability to produce crops is very high.

3. Not susceptible to tungro disease and bacterial leaf blight of prototype III.

4. Variety of rice is suitable for planting on swampy peatlands, around irrigation and rainfed.

5. The resulting rice is fuller. Rice or grain is generally slender or small.

6. The texture of the rice when cooked becomes fluffier rice and the amylose content is quite sweet, so it is very popular with the people.

2. Hybrid corn

• Examples of its types are C 1, CP 1 and CPI 2 hybrids, IPB 4 hybrids, Pioneer 2 hybrids, Malin, Metro, and Bima varieties.

• Bima-14 Batara maize is a superior hybrid maize produced from crossing lines or the Bima-14 Batara hybrid type, which has strong roots so it doesn't collapse easily. The appearance of this corn is sturdy and uniform, the corn husks are tightly closed so that it is resistant to downy mildew, rust and leaf spot.

• Apart from the high yield potential, the maize plants produced by this cross have a long durability so that they can be used as feed for cattle and sheep.

• The shape of the corn kernels is like a pearl and is yellow in color so it is very well used as chicken feed.  

NAMA : Alya Putri Kurnia

KELAS : X PB 2

https://docs.google.com/document/d/12-FqkAU7R3NFbF67jpq726T4YD7Y27GYoYkZMWm9Kxk/edit?usp=sharing